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等等英文范文第1篇

下午，我正在做作業。

突然，從那邊傳來一陣叮叮鐺鐺的鑼鼓聲，越來越響。接著，震耳欲聾的鞭炮聲接二連三地響起來，我往窗外一看，原來鑼鼓聲在我們后面那戶人家停住了，可想而知，是迎龍燈了。

我發現迎龍燈的人，衣服穿得非常整齊。男的穿黃衣服，中間綁塊布，女的穿紅衣服，衣上帶花真漂亮。女的在前，男的在后，真有順序。

那大龍頭看得清晰可見，龍眼睛直盯一個方向，威風又神氣，一動不動。雖然是假的，但是畫得栩栩如生。

再到旁邊看一看，一條長長的隊伍停在眼前。每一節都有一個人抬，每節都立著不同的東西，但是，每節都是兩個古代名人，中間一盆花，這各形式。

等等英文范文第2篇

關鍵詞：熒光燈；燈絲電流預熱型；燈絲電壓預熱型

1常用照明方法與特點

常用的電光源主要有熱致發光光源，氣體放電發光光源，固體發光光源等三類。

熱致發光光源如白熾燈，它利用斯涅藩－波爾茲曼定律，即物體溫度越高，它幅射出的能量越大。這可用式（1）表示。

E=μ×ξ×T4（1）

式中：E為物體在溫度T時單位面積和單位時間內的紅外幅射總能量；

圖1

μ為斯涅藩－波爾茲曼常數（μ=5.6697×10－12W/cm2·K4），ξ為比幅射率，即物體表面幅射本領與黑體幅射本領之比值；

T為物體的絕對溫度。

利用熱致發光原理制成的電光源制作簡單，成本低，但是發光效率低，只有11％左右，而其余的能量則以熱的形式消耗掉（紅外、熱能消耗分別占69％及20％）。

圖2

固體發光光源，如發光二極管、等離子體發光器件等，盡管它們的發光效率高，但目前還不能做到大功率（如上百瓦），所以，固體發光器件要進入大規模實用階段還有一段距離。

氣體放電發光器件，如熒光燈（Florescent）、金鹵燈（Hilide）、高強度放電燈（HID）等，它們的發光效率為普通白熾燈的幾倍。由于氣體放電燈的功率可以做得較大（上千瓦），發光效率又高，是一種綠色照明光源。其中，熒光燈是一種充有氬氣的低氣壓汞氣體放電燈，發光效率和壽命都比白熾燈高。熒光燈發光效率約23％，紅外、熱能占總耗能的36％及41％。熒光燈發光均勻、亮度適中、光色柔和，是理想的室內照明燈，在照明中得到了廣泛的應用。熒光燈是通過引燃燈管內稀薄汞蒸汽進行弧光放電，汞離子受激產生紫外線，激發燈管內壁涂層熒光粉發出可見光。但是由于熒光燈工作的負阻特性，在使用時須配用鎮流器件。

2有關熒光燈的燈絲預熱

國際電工委員會標準IEC929和我國的專業標準ZBK74012－90，都有關于電子鎮流器在“正常情況下使用時，應使燈啟動，但不對燈性能造成損害”；“施加陰極預熱電壓的最短時間應不少于0.4s”和“開路電壓的波峰系數不得超過1.8；在最低預熱期間，不得產生即使是極窄的、不影響有效值的電壓峰值”等規定。

預熱啟動是指在燈陰極被加熱至熱電子發射溫度后才觸發燈。通常采用控制陰極電流進行預熱或控制陰極電壓進行預熱的方式。無論采用哪種方式啟動，都應滿足下列要求：

1）在燈陰極達到電子發射狀態之前，燈兩端之間或燈與啟動輔助裝置之間的開路電壓應保持在低于導致陰極受損害的輝光放電的水平；

2）在陰極達到發射狀態之后，開路電壓應足夠高，可使燈迅速啟動而無須重復多次才能啟動；

3）在陰極已處于發射狀態，若開路電壓須升高后才能使燈啟動，則開路電壓從低到高的轉變過程中，必須在陰極仍處于熱電子發射溫度期間完成；

4）在陰極預熱階段，預熱電流或預熱電壓不得過大或過高而使陰極上發射物質因過熱而受到損害。

燈陰極預熱啟動可分為以下兩種情況。

2.1采用控制燈陰極電流進行的燈絲預熱

2.1.1有效預熱電流和發射時間（te）

為使某一類型陰極達到最低發射溫度所需的熱量，可用時間、電流和由該類陰極的物理特性所決定的一個常數來表示。這種關系可由式（2）表示。

式中：te為達到發射狀態的時間，≥0.4s（1）；

a為特定類型陰極的常數；

ik為獲得te所需的最小燈絲有效預熱電流（A）；

im為達到發射狀態所需的燈絲最小電流絕對值（A）（2）；

注：（1）達到發射狀態的預熱時間<0.4s通常是不可取的，實踐證明在此時間內不總是可以使陰極燈絲達到充分預熱。

（2）此值是假定從冷態開始施加燈絲預熱電流的時間足夠長（如≥30s）的情況。

2.1.2有效預熱電流的最大值

可以在短時間（t≤0.4s）內施加較大的燈絲有效預熱電流而又不損壞陰極，但超過0.4s后，隨著時間的延長，此電流值應逐步減小，直至達到2s或更長時間，此值不得明顯地超過50Hz時用輝光啟動器啟動的數值。

上述要求的圖解如圖1和圖2所示。

2.1.3開路電壓和轉換時間ts在燈的啟動過程中，當開路電壓在te時被提高，而陰極預熱過程在te時結束（預熱電流中斷）的情況下，開路電壓的轉換時間ts應≤100ms（如圖2所示）。

在開路電壓的轉換時間內陰極始終保持發射狀態的情況下，轉換時間ts可以>100ms。

由于燈陰極在預熱時間達到te時被加熱到發射狀態，因此，在燈啟動過渡階段有效預熱電流不得降低到絕對最小值（im）以下，以確保燈陰極處于發射狀態。

有一些類型的燈規定，在達到te之前的開路電壓最大值高于或等于達到te之后的開路電壓的最小值，因此，為這類燈設計的鎮流器無須為了使燈可靠啟動而提高開路電壓。

2.2采用控制燈陰極電壓進行預熱的鎮流器

2.2.1方均根電壓和施加電壓的時間

當陰極電壓超過3.0V（低電阻陰極）或6.0V（高電阻陰極），且電壓施加的時間≥0.4s時，即可達到陰極發射溫度。

為了防止陰極溫度過高，應規定施加電壓的最大值。當施加電壓大于10V時，所有陰極兩端都會出現橫向弧光放電。

2.2.2開路電壓

在達到陰極熱電子發射之前，如燈的開路電壓低于可進行冷啟動的值，則允許同時施加陰極預熱電壓和燈電壓。雖然電子鎮流器可以提供多種電壓控制方式，但均應遵守在達到熱啟動之前將燈電壓保持在燈冷啟動水平以下的原則。

燈絲最大有效預熱電流在預熱過程中的任何時刻，不得超過規定的最大值，預熱時間≥0.4s。

2.2.3對鎮流器的要求

鎮流器應向燈提供所需陰極預熱電壓、陰極工作電壓和燈啟動電壓。

鎮流器應按規定值向燈提供啟動電壓。啟動電壓可與陰極預熱電壓同時施加，也可在0.4s間隔后上升至該項值。但在0.4s之前施加的任何電壓必須低于可導致燈啟動的電壓水平。

一個性能良好的電子鎮流器的預熱、點火和熒光燈工作與電子鎮流器工作頻率變化之間的變化規律如圖3所示。電子鎮流器的預熱、點火和熒光燈工作與工作頻率變化關系曲線圖如圖4所示。

3幾種常用熒光燈的燈絲預熱方法與特點

3.1單燈燈絲電流預熱型

單燈燈絲電流預熱型電路結構如圖5所示。在這種燈絲預熱電路中，利用在電路預熱期間通過燈絲與啟動電容之間的電流實現燈絲預熱。具有電路簡單，易于實現的特點，實際應用得較多。

3．2單燈燈絲電壓預熱型

單燈燈絲電壓預熱型電路結構如圖6所示。在這種燈絲預熱電路中，利用和鎮流電感（L）繞在一起的兩個燈絲繞組上的電壓實現燈絲預熱。特點是在燈的整個工作過程中，燈絲都有電壓施加于燈絲兩端。

3．3雙燈串聯燈絲電壓預熱型

雙燈串聯燈絲電壓預熱型電路結構如圖7所示。在這種燈絲預熱電路中，利用和鎮流電感繞在一起的三個燈絲繞組（L）上的電壓實現燈絲預熱。特點是在燈的整個工作過程中，燈絲都有電壓施加于燈絲兩端，并且通過中間的燈絲繞組（L）的電流應為上、下兩個燈絲繞組（L）的燈絲電流兩倍。

3．4雙燈串聯燈絲電流預熱型

雙燈串聯燈絲電流預熱型電路結構如圖8所示。在這種燈絲預熱電路中，利用和鎮流電容串在一起的一個燈絲變壓器（T2）上的次級電壓實現燈絲預熱。

3．5雙燈并聯燈絲電流預熱型

雙燈并聯燈絲電流預熱型電路如圖9所示。電路工作原理與單燈燈絲電流預熱電路相同。

3．6雙燈并聯平衡變壓器燈絲預熱型

雙燈并聯平衡變壓器燈絲預熱型電路結構如圖10所示。電路中利用一個平衡變壓器（T）來實現燈絲的預熱。電路工作原理與單燈燈絲電壓預熱型電路相同。電路特點是由于電路中的平衡變壓器可使兩只燈的工作電流一致。

3．7雙燈并聯燈絲電壓預熱型

雙燈并聯燈絲電壓預熱型電路如圖11所示。電路工作原理同單燈燈絲電壓預熱電路。

等等英文范文第3篇

匆匆寫好給弟的信，匆匆穿上了鞋，準備去不近但也不算遠的郵局寄信。匆匆地手扶上了門要推，因為天不早了，早已呈暗灰狀。要再快點，再快點啊，我心里這么想著，腳就邁了出去。突然，身后傳來媽媽的聲音：等等，我和你一起去吧，天要黑了，路又遠。我心里不由得漫上許許的不服和不滿：沒事，我自己去可以的，我又不是小孩子了！聽我這么說，媽媽也好似同意了，只說了聲：好，路上小心啊！

我心中無比快樂，因為我說服媽媽了，我，好久都沒一個人去寄信了。

開始，我走得很快，心里也擔心天黑了怎么回來，于是漸漸加快了步伐，但又不得不慢下來——鞋帶開了。我半蹲著，余光看到身后不遠處有團黑乎乎的影子。我匆忙地抬頭一看，哦，月亮出來了，是月光吧？是月光照射路燈的影子吧？于是我又急急地往前趕路。

終于，把信送過去了，我又急匆匆地往回走。天越來越黑，還好路燈都亮了，使我能看清回去的路。可走著走著，總覺得很怕，回頭看，見路燈下還有一團黑黑的影子，我很好奇，于是繞了個彎，來到路燈后面，看到的是一個人的背影。只見他把頭探了探，悄悄地走在我剛剛走的路上。頓時，他整個人也在路燈下顯現出來了；頓時，我的眼睛也模糊了——是媽媽。

走在媽媽后面沉思的我，早已像洗過臉一般。我知道，媽媽是擔心怕黑的我；我也知道，那一次次的路燈下，不是別人，是媽媽。

等等英文范文第4篇

read through some of the more than half of the "walden pond", to be honest look at a lot of paragraphs do not really understand, but say it is fun sections of animals that people read fresh.

the first animal is the rooster attention, and that the most common birds, however the author's pen in the air all of a sudden and very poor. thoreau is the author described them this way: the rooster, pheasant was originally, and their chirping is the world's most beautiful music, better than all the other animals, but most of the time to fill the gaps in their voice is their wife - the mother chickens are noisy, it's no wonder that they ultimately can only be the poultry, not to mention what kind of a chicken egg. these words can not help people desperately want to remember the music chenming rooster, the result was a loss, except in writing from the mechanical "oo" sound. as for the hen, they can only remember them after the end of each time it is under the "giggle" to stop the called.

walden pond, how can there are so many wild animal? every day it seems that the author and not the name they say hello. are familiar with ant, but where the ants are like the soldiers how to ah, make that an ant war was afraid to read the small bio of contempt. lovely fledgling partridge destitute people, they only obey the instinct of mothers and their own oh, the fullness of their long feathers of the body of small branches and leaves together to maintain the same posture, where to stay motionless, it picked up when a stranger or follow it, it continues to stay as motionless, or take your eyes clean. scary, of course, most diving birds, and it always sent laugh, when it is from this lake first dive, the observer much hunting or after a lot of fun. what it is, you can go to the bottom of the lake to fish in the bird.

after all the human animal is, ah, just high-level animals. the author predicted that the result of human progress must be to give up meat, as the savage to the civilized around after people give up bad habits, like eating. i do not know human beings are not one day give up meat, it is very curious about the rabbit call. in the book, the author said: rabbit to the end, the truth was a child cry. on rabbits, the most profound impression that the tree hit a hare, but there is no written record of our had been a poor hunt rabbits.

​【參考譯文】

閱讀一些超過一半的“《瓦爾登湖》”,誠實地看很多段落并不真正理解,但說它是有趣的部分動物,人們讀新鮮。

第一只動物是公雞的注意,而最常見的鳥,然而作者的筆在空中突然和非常貧窮。摘要:梭羅是作者這樣描述的:公雞,野雞,他們的鳴叫是世界上最美麗的音樂,比所有其他動物都好,但大部分時間是他們的妻子-媽媽的雞吵鬧,難怪他們最終只能是家禽,更不用說什么雞了。這些話不能幫助人們迫切想記住的音樂公雞,結果是一個損失,除了書面從機械的“oo”聲音。至于母雞,他們只能記住他們在每次結束后,它是在“咯咯”的“咯咯”停止呼叫。

等等英文范文第5篇

瓦爾登湖讀后感英文版【1】

read through some of the more than half of the "walden pond", to be honest look at a lot of paragraphs do not really understand, but say it is fun sections of animals that people read fresh.

the first animal is the rooster attention, and that the most common birds, however the author's pen in the air all of a sudden and very poor. thoreau is the author described them this way: the rooster, pheasant was originally, and their chirping is the world's most beautiful music, better than all the other animals, but most of the time to fill the gaps in their voice is their wife - the mother chickens are noisy, it's no wonder that they ultimately can only be the poultry, not to mention what kind of a chicken egg. these words can not help people desperately want to remember the music chenming rooster, the result was a loss, except in writing from the mechanical "oo" sound. as for the hen, they can only remember them after the end of each time it is under the "giggle" to stop the called.

walden pond, how can there are so many wild animal? every day it seems that the author and not the name they say hello. are familiar with ant, but where the ants are like the soldiers how to ah, make that an ant war was afraid to read the small bio of contempt. lovely fledgling partridge destitute people, they only obey the instinct of mothers and their own oh, the fullness of their long feathers of the body of small branches and leaves together to maintain the same posture, where to stay motionless, it picked up when a stranger or follow it, it continues to stay as motionless, or take your eyes clean. scary, of course, most diving birds, and it always sent laugh, when it is from this lake first dive, the observer much hunting or after a lot of fun. what it is, you can go to the bottom of the lake to fish in the bird.

after all the human animal is, ah, just high-level animals. the author predicted that the result of human progress must be to give up meat, as the savage to the civilized around after people give up bad habits, like eating. i do not know human beings are not one day give up meat, it is very curious about the rabbit call. in the book, the author said: rabbit to the end, the truth was a child cry. on rabbits, the most profound impression that the tree hit a hare, but there is no written record of our had been a poor hunt rabbits.

瓦爾登湖讀后感英文版【2】

Walden is a masterpiece written by Henry David Thoreau （1817-1862）， who was born in Concord, Massachusetts. The age he lived had witnessed the flourish of capitalism as well as the prosperity of industrialization and urbanization. During the 19th century, the American economy developed at so fast rate that most people were bound up in pursuing the material satisfaction , while ingored the spiritual life to a great extent. But Thoreau was quite different from other people, he disdained the modern civilization and attached more importance to the spirit than the material. He thought many people of his time lived in a non-human-like modern society and many modern appliances, such as trains and telegraphs, had done harm to people's harmonious life peace and also broken the relationship between human and nature.

In order to prove that without the modern instruments , people can also live a happy life, in 1845, he moved into a cabin on the shore of Walden Pond and live there alone for two years to get close to the nature .Walden, is the famous book mainly talks about his life and thoughts during those days living in the woods .

Thoreau was so happy with the life living near the lake of Walden that he felt it a sweet grace to have the nature' accompany and even the sounds of rain and the sights around his house were full of sincere friendship. In his eyes, the nature was an intimate friend of him and all things in the nature were lively and vivacious. And all kinds of animals in the wood, such as field mouses, robins and wild rabbits were amicably treated and regarded as his adorable companions. He even thought that plants were also had the right to live equal with human beings. Just because of this, he even blamed himself for hitting chestnut trees with stones. From many words or sentences, we can easily feel Thoreau's deep love and care towards nature.

Besides, Thoreau was a pioneering nature lover, who called on people to stop destorying nature but protect it by setting himself an example to others. The consciousness of the environmental protection is becoming more and more important in our modern society, while the whole world is trapped in some serious ecological crisises resulting from hunting and killing animals, cutting down trees and polluting the rivers for pursuit of human beings' own interests. We all have the common sense that the number of wildlife is decreasing, the area of lake is shrinking, and the water is not clear any more. What's worse, environment problems such as globe warming, climate change and air and water pollution are deteriorating during the commercial process . So it's high time that we should realize we never be the dominator of the whole world conquring nature, but should spare no efforts to improve the environment right away. That is, we should comply with the natural laws, make reasonable utilization of natural resources and keep the harmonious development between the society and the environment. Only in this way will we has an opportunity to embrace a bright future and achieve a sustainable society .

In the book, Walden, Thoreau not only advocated the protection of nature, but also encourage people to comprehend and return to nature. He told us using his own experience that by living a simple life close to nature, we human beings will find out the true value of life and significance of existence.

After reading the book, what impressed me most is the description of the fascinating scenery around the Walden pound, especially these sentences: "A lake is the landscape's most beautiful and expressive feature. It is earth's eye; looking into which the beholder measures the depth of his own nature. The fluviatile trees next the shore are the slender eyelashes which fringe it, and the wooded hills and cliffs around are its overhanging brows". To Thoreau, the Walden lake is like a charming and melting girl , who has slender eyelashes and likes to dress herself in different beautiful clothes with the changes of different seasons.

Every morning after getting up, Thoreau would have a bath in the Walden lake to start a new day. After that, he used to wander around the pond and refresh himself with the fresh air. In summer days , he cultivated a piece of land and growed beans, blackberries, johnsworts and the like. The depiction of his leisure rurality spontaneously reminds me of Tao Yuanming, the famous Chinese poet, who lived in the Jin Dynasty and made his life meaningful by returning to the nature and perfecting himself. If Thoreau and Tao Yuanming lived in the same period and place, they would probably become best friends.

From the book, we know that during the years when Thoreau lived near the Walden, he did not completely isolate himself from the outside world. Sometimes he went to the town and did odd jobs and would receive visitors and friends in his cabin at times. As I mention before, the intention for his living in the woods was that he wanted to teach people how to live a simple life, achieve enjoyment from the nature, free oneself from the strained daily life and what is more important is to reevaluate the value of social life.

Thoreau's though of enjoying a simple life has a more realistic significance and have become a valuable spiritual wealth in our modern society. With the development of the material civilization, people's desires are swelling limitlessly and many people are busy with the pursuit of wealth and luxurious life by any means, including at the expense of nature. However, even in the society materially affluent and technologically advanced , people are not be more happier than those people who lived centuries ago, but even feel less satisfactory and complaint more about their present life as a result of having unbounded desires of getting more and better. Therefore, many people who possess a lat have become slaves of machine, working more but do not have the ability to enjoy what they have.